Spiritual Ebooks in Malayalam Download Printable PDF Books. Listed below is a collection of Malayalam Spiritual ebooks PDF Books from various sources for you to download and read from your computer or other devices. You can as well print the PDF file and read at your convenience. Please do not forget to share these with those who are interested in these spiritual topics. Who Am I Sri Ramana Maharshi. Jnaneshwari Commentary on Bhagavad Gita Sant Jnaneshwar. Arivu Sri Narayana Guru, Commentary by Prof G. Balakrishnan Nair. A unique and comprehensive free ebooks library in very simple english language suitable for broadest spectrum of society. The purpose of islamicoccasions. com web site. Manisha Panchakam Sri Shankaracharya, Commentary by Prof G. Balakrishnan Nair Bhagavad Gitawith meaning in Malayalam Srimad Bhagavatham Daily Readingwith meaning in MalayalamAdhyatma Ramayanam Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhutthassan Jnanappana Poonthanam Narayaneeyam Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri. Lalitha Sahasra Nama Stotram. Yoga Sutras with meaning in Malayalam Patanjali. Ishavasya Upanishad with meaning in MalayalamAdvaitha Chintha Paddhathi Sree Chattampi Swami. Kristumata Chedanam Sree Chattampi Swami. Athmopadesa Sathakam Sri Narayana Guru Sri Narayana Guru Complete Works. Sri Vivekananda Sooktas Sathyartha Prakasham Dayanand Saraswati Guru Gita Sri Asharamji Bappu. Neethisaram Ramayanam in Daily Life Aseshananda Swami Why Should We Learn Gita Chinmayananda Swami. Sanathana. Dharmamrutham Mata Amrithandamayi. Ammas Messages Mata Amrithandamayi. Get free Microsoft eBooks on the latest technology. Explore our newest training ebooks and get the resources you need, in the format that suits you best. The Color of Art Free Art Books Page, has a large collection of FREE artists reference works on oil painting, watercolor painting and other artists techniques. Not. Quran. Malayalam Dictionary. Courtesy. Shankaran scribd. Ramachandran scribd.
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UpdateStar has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with Windows 10, 8. 1, Windows 8. Windows 7 Seven Activation Crack X120eYou can choose your language settings from within the program. Louis H. Sullivan, la Forme suit la Fonction by Baptiste Bidelance. Louis H. Sullivan, la Forme suit la Fonction Published on Sep 2. TFE Baptiste BRIDELANCE. Lyberty. coms weeklymonthly splash page. Yes, a splash page is old fashioned, but its been a tradition here since 1999. Punishment Or Cruelty NPR.A hallway at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.The prison, opened in 1.Jacki Lyden NPR. Jacki Lyden NPR.Servlet?image_type=LRGFC&catalog=cengage&epi=199015696416524671584178480001692413973' alt='A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' title='A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' />The first section of this article treats the history of Judaism in the broadest and most complete sense, from the early ancestral beginnings of the Jewish people to.A hallway at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.The prison, opened in 1.Jacki Lyden NPR. An estimated 8.American prisoners spend 2.Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online.Easily share your publications and get.Now, amid growing evidence that it causes mental breakdown, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has decided for the first time to review its policies on solitary confinement.Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, which pioneered solitary confinement, is a castle of a prison that was meant to reform incarceration itself when it opened in 1.The idea behind the prisons solitary confinement areas was to use sensory deprivation to reform inmates.The thought was that the isolation and quiet would free the innately good soul.They believed that isolation here was going to bring about the best of these inmates.Change them for life.Make them penitent, says Sean Kelley, director of public programming at the historic site.There is a lot of evidence that that is not what happened.For many reasons that sound familiar today including cost and questionable effectiveness Eastern State dropped the practice in 1.Western world. The prison, once a state of the art facility, closed its doors in 1.One of the cells at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.Matt RourkeAP. Matt RourkeAP.One of the cells at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.Matt RourkeAP. An Uncertain Method.A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' title='A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' />Everybody needs to go about their lives as they normally would, Prime Minister May told reporters in a statement.Our society should continue to function in.Solitary confinement exploded with the law and order policies of the 1.But since then, more questions have been raised about the mental health of prisoners held this way.Last summer, Sen.Dick Durbin, D Ill., chair of the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights subcommittee, led hearings to address solitary confinement practices.He says it was prompted by a New Yorker article by Boston surgeon Atul Gowande titled Hellhole.I read it, and I couldnt forget it, Durbin tells Jacki Lyden, host of weekends on All Things Considered.It was all about the impact of segregation and isolation on prisoners, and I started thinking about it as part of my agenda for my subcommittee on human rights.Testifying in front of the committee was Charles Samuels, director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.Samuels explained the necessity of the solitary confinement to keep violent inmates apart from guards and other prisoners.The use of any form of restricted housing, however limited, remains a critical management tool that helps us maintain safety, security and effective reentry programming for all federal inmates, Samuels said.The BOP wouldnt grant an interview for this story, but provided a comment saying the bureau is confident the review will highlight both the strengths that the Bureau brings to corrections management, as well as innovative ideas from the states.Solitary confinement already doubles to triples the costs of incarceration, up to 6.But wardens whove seen its wide use now in the last 3.I really believed when I got close to the situation at the supermax in Wisconsin that one of the things that I was seeing was mentally ill people who didnt come in mentally ill, says Walter Dickey, formerly the secretary of corrections for Wisconsin.Dickey tells NPRs Lyden that the level of security and the overcrowding he saw were detrimental to a prisoners mental health, even when they didnt start out in isolation.He doesnt, however, think the practice should be dropped.The feds had experiences in which they had inmates kill multiple staff members and multiple inmates, he says.People like that need to be isolated, at least temporarily, if not for a longer period of time until you can release them into the population, the general population, with some confidence that theyre not going to do severe damage to other people.At the hearing, Durbin noted that after Mississippi had done away with solitary confinement, prison violence went down by 5.It was a wake up call to all of us to take a hard look at it, he says.Maybe this just isnt the best way to deal with these problems.Living Through Isolation.As prisoners testify about suicidal depression, self mutilation, lethargy, hallucinations and other ills, more attention is being paid to inmates who have lived through the extreme, often uncertain isolation.Robert King is one of the Angola Three one of the men serving the longest sentences in the country in solitary confinement in his case at Angola State Penitentiary in Louisiana.King was released in 2.There was a slab of concrete that you slept on.King says. During his time in prison, King says he saw the system, and the solitary confinement, change people.He says he saw once open people become more withdrawn as time went on.I kind of insulated myself when I saw what happened to them I think it created a steel resolve in myself to not succumb to that, he says.After his release, King published a book, and he also speaks internationally, but despite his post incarceration success, he says the effects of his solitary confinement still lingers.I dont think a person could get dipped in waste and not come up smelling, he says.Even though it may not be totally apparent, the impact and the effects are there.Judaism History, Beliefs, Facts.It is history that provides the key to an understanding of Judaism, for its primal affirmations appear in early historical narratives.Thus, the Bible reports contemporary events and activities for essentially religious reasons.The biblical authors believed that the divine presence is encountered primarily within history.Gods presence is also experienced within the natural realm, but the more immediate or intimate disclosure occurs in human actions.Although other ancient communities also perceived a divine presence in history, the understanding of the ancient Israelites proved to be the most lasting and influential.It is this particular claimto have experienced Gods presence in human eventsand its subsequent development that is the differentiating factor in Jewish thought.Moreover, the ancient Israelites entire mode of existence was affected by their belief that throughout history they stood in a unique relationship with the divine.The people of Israel believed that their response to the divine presence in history was central not only for themselves but for all humankind.Furthermore, Godas personhad revealed in a particular encounter the pattern and structure of communal and individual life to this people.Claiming sovereignty over the people because of his continuing action in history on their behalf, he had established a covenant berit with them and required from them obedience to his teaching, or law Torah.This obedience was a further means by which the divine presence was made manifestexpressed in concrete human existence.The corporate life of the chosencommunity was thus a summons to the rest of humankind to recognize Gods presence, sovereignty, and purposethe establishment of peace and well being in the universe and in humankind.History, moreover, disclosed not only Gods purpose but also humankinds inability to live in accord with it.Even the chosen community failed in its obligation and had to be summoned back, time and again, to its responsibility by the prophetsthe divinely called spokespersons who warned of retribution within history and argued and reargued the case for affirmative human response.Israels role in the divine economy and thus Israels particular culpability were dominant themes sounded against the motif of fulfillment, the ultimate triumph of the divine purpose, and the establishment of divine sovereignty over all humankind.General observations.Nature and characteristics.In nearly 4,0. 00 years of historical development, the Jewish people and their religion have displayed a remarkable adaptability and continuity.In their encounter with the great civilizations, from ancient Babylonia and Egypt to Western Christendom and modern secular culture, they have assimilated foreign elements and integrated them into their own social and religious systems, thus maintaining an unbroken religious and cultural tradition.Furthermore, each period of Jewish history has left behind it a specific element of a Judaic heritage that continued to influence subsequent developments, so that the total Jewish heritage at any given time is a combination of all these successive elements along with whatever adjustments and accretions have occurred in each new age.Test Your Knowledge.New or Old Fact or Fiction The various teachings of Judaism have often been regarded as specifications of the central idea of monotheism.One God, the creator of the world, has freely elected the Jewish people for a unique covenantal relationship with himself.This one and only God has been affirmed by virtually all professing Jews in a variety of ways throughout the ages.Jewish monotheism has had both universalistic and particularistic features.Along universal lines, it has affirmed a God who created and rules the entire world and who at the end of history will redeem all Israel the classical name for the Jewish people, all humankind, and indeed the whole world.The ultimate goal of all nature and history is an unending reign of cosmic intimacy with God, entailing universal justice and peace.Between creation and redemption lies the particularistic designation of the Jewish people as the locus of Gods activity in the world, as the people chosen by God to be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation Exodus 1.This arrangement is designated a covenant and is structured by an elaborate and intricate law.Thus, the Jewish people are both entitled to special privileges and burdened with special responsibilities from God.As the prophet Amos 8th century bce expressed it You alone have I intimately known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities Amos 3 2.The universal goal of the Jewish people has frequently expressed itself in messianismthe idea of a universal, political realm of justice and peace.In one form or another, messianism has permeated Jewish thinking and action throughout the ages, and it has strongly influenced the outlook of many secular minded Jews see alsoeschatology.Law embraces practically all domains of Jewish life, and it became the principle means by which Judaism was to bring about the reign of God on earth.It is a total guide to religious and ethical conduct, involving ritualistic observance as well as individual and social ethics.It is a liturgical and ethical way constantly expatiated on by the prophets and priests, by rabbinic sages, and by philosophers.Such conduct was to be performed in the service of God, the transcendent and immanent ruler of the universe, the Creator and the propelling force of nature, and the one giving guidance and purpose to history.According to Judaic belief, this divine guidance is manifested through the history of the Jewish people, which will culminate in the messianic age.Judaism, whether in its normative form or in its sectarian deviations, never completely departed from this basic ethical and historical monotheism.Salo Wittmayer Baron. Changing Read Only Files Windows 7 on this page. Lou Hackett Silberman.Periodization. Britannica Lists Quizzes.The division of the millennia of Jewish history into periods is a procedure frequently dependent on philosophicalpredilections.The Christian world long believed that until the rise of Christianity the history of Judaism was but a preparation for the Gospel preparatio evangelica that was followed by the manifestation of the Gospel demonstratio evangelica as revealed by Christ and the Apostles.This formulation could be theologically reconciled with the assumption that Christianity had been preordained even before the creation of the world.In the 1. 9th century, biblical scholars moved the decisive division back to the period of the Babylonian Exile and the restoration of the Jews to the kingdom of Judah 6th5th century bce.They asserted that after the first fall of Jerusalem 5.Israelitic religion gave way to a new form of the Jewish faith, or Judaism, as formulated by the reformer Ezra 5th century bce and his school.In Die Entstehung des Judentums 1.The Origin of Judaism the German historian Eduard Meyer argued that Judaism originated in the Persian period, or the days of Ezra and Nehemiah 5th century bce indeed, he attributed an important role in shaping the emergent religion to Persian imperialism.These theories, however, have been discarded by most scholars in the light of a more comprehensive knowledge of the ancient Middle East and the abandonment of a theory of gradual evolutionary development that was dominant at the beginning of the 2.Most Jews share a long accepted notion that there never was a real break in continuity and that Mosaic prophetic priestly Judaism was continued, with only a few modifications, in the work of the Pharisaic and rabbinic sages well into the modern period.Even today the various Jewish groupswhether Orthodox, Conservative, or Reformall claim direct spiritual descent from the Pharisees and the rabbinic sages.In fact, however, many developments have occurred within so called normative or Rabbinic Judaism.In any event, the history of Judaism can be divided into the following major periods biblical Judaism c.Hellenistic Judaism 4th century bce2nd century ce, Rabbinic Judaism 2nd1.Judaism c. 1. 75.Salo Wittmayer Baron.Biblical Judaism 2.The ancient Middle Eastern setting. 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Knowledge Based Information on Coconut Coconut Processing.Coconut water is a refreshing drinks which also hygienic and nutritive.The white flesh is a calories rich extensively used for cookery in South India.From grated wet coconut kernel good quality oil as well as protein and carbohydrate can be extracted to prepare coconut honey.Undesirable flavour changes in desiccated coconut is due to oxidative rancidity of the oil.The residual cake after the oil has been extracted is used as cattle food.The dried coconut meat is known as copra and is the source of coconut oil, which is used in enormous quantities for making fats for baking and confectionery.An important product used in the chocolate and confectionery industry is desiccated coconut.The nut is removed from the hard shell and the thin brown rind pared off.This must be very thorough or the finished coconut will be contaminated by flecks of brown.The pared nuts are then washed free of milk and skin residues and put through shredding machines, which give a milled product of varying degree of fineness.After shredding, the ground meat is subjected to a steam or hot water treatment to destroy salmonella and lipases and to reduce bacteria counts to low levels.The pasteurized meat is then dried on wire mesh belts by means of hot air, which reduces the moisture content to less than 4.The critical moisture level of desiccated coconut is 5 and the product should be well below this to ensure good shelf life.Oriental Journal of Chemistry is a peer reviewed quarterly research journal of pure and applied chemistry.It publishes standard research papers in almost all thrust.Search Testing Calibration Laboratories Across India For 100,000 Products, Labgo Provide Labs That Include Testing Of Food, Water, Textile, Building Material.HTB1uDn1JVXXXXaBXFXXq6xXFXXXz/Rice-husk-ash.jpg' alt='Rice Husk Ash Activated Carbon' title='Rice Husk Ash Activated Carbon' />The world of independent media, all in one place.The adsorption behavior of rice husk for cadmium ions from aqueous solutions has been investigated as a function of appropriate equilibrium time, adsorbent dose.After drying, the desiccated coconut is put through a multiple sieving operation to produce the four main grades.Extra fine, macaroon fine, medium and coarse.A variety of other coconut products is available to the chocolate and confectionery trade such as, moist white sweetened coconut, toasted coconut, creamed coconut and tenderized coconut.Top quality desiccated coconut should be white in colour, free from foreign matter, and uniform in granulation against standard, and the expressed oil should have a free fatty acid content of less than 0.The coconut is the most extensively grown and used nut in the world.About 1. 0 million people in India and several million of people in other tropical regions depend on the coconut plant for their livelihood.India is the third largest coconut producing country of the world with an area of about 1.India produces about 6.A whole coconut consists of 5.The coconut shells contain 3.Lignin, 2. 9 pentosans and 1 Ash.Traditional method The coconut oil is traditionally extracted from copra.The copra can be obtained by separating the coconut meat from the whole coconut shell followed by sundrying and smoke drying for about 6 to 8 days.The copra is then chopped to small sizes and cooked by heating the small pieces of copra in a cooker for about 3.The oil is squeezed out from cooked copra by an expeller and then filtered by a filter press.The processes and operations involved in modern mechanical expression of coconut is given below Coconut has been used as staple part of the diets of almost all Polynesian and many Asian people for centuries.It is used as food, as flavouring and made into beverages.Todays young consumers depend heavily on conventional food.It is in this sector that coconut has a good chance to increase its use.The important products of coconut in our country are whole coconut tender and mature, copra, toddy, neera, gur, coconut palm candy, sugar, vinegar etc.Coconut is a tasty food adjunct is well recognized.To use coconut in preparations, the consumer has to break the nut transversely into two, shred into gratings and then process further.On the other hand, if coconut gratings, its rich milk and even prepared foods are available as such on the shelves of the market, surely consumers, especially the younger generation will be generated to encouraged to use them in preparations much more.Coconut honey Coconut honey is a product from coconut water containing many growth promoting trace elements besides glucose, fructose and levulose.Coconut water was filtered, evaporated and blended with a little golden syrup to produce coconut honey, a palatable nutty flavored breakfast food, soft drinks additive and a sweetener.Coco sauce A tangy sauce can be prepared from coconut water with red chilli, onion powder and little vinegar.Coconut lemonade.It was prepared by boiling coconut water, sugar and lemon juice.It is traditionally a popular drink in Kerala.Nata de coco Nata from fresh liquid endosperm of the matured coconut is collected and filtered by using cheese cloth.It is pasteurized after adding 8 per cent sucrose, 0.H to 4. 5 by adding acetic acid.The medium is developed by inoculating Acetobacter acetii at 1.After two weeks a gel like mass developed with a film like layer on the top.The film is then removed and the mass is cleaned and cut into cubes.The cubes nata are further processed to improve the colour, flavour and taste by soaking it in sugar syrup.The nata can be used to decorate desserts, ice cream, puddings and fruit salad.Coconut Kernel or White Meat.The preservation and pickling of coconut was done by soaking the coconut kernels in brine solution maintained their colour, flavour, texture and taste and resembled like fresh coconut for 9.The salt and acid penetration in pickle is directly proportional to the concentration in the soak solution.The steeped coconut kernel were kept for 9.The moisture content after storage ranged between 3.The fresh coconut kernel could be preserved as long as for 3 to 6 months in the from of pieces and scrapings by steeping in a solution containing 4 per cent salt, acetic acid, sulphur dioxide and antioxidant.The product required washing in water prior to use.Desiccated Coconut.Desiccated coconut, the edible dried out shredded coconut meat was prepared from fresh kernel of fully matured coconut and it is available in coarse, medium and fine grades and also in special grades such as threads, strips, granules etc.Good desiccated coconut is crisp, snow white in colour with a sweet, pleasant and fresh taste of coconut kernel.Desiccated coconut, a commercial product was manufactured from the white part of the meat after removing the brown parings.The meat is shredded or disintegrated and dried in hot air driers at 1.F to 2 per cent moisture content fat 6.Solids nonfat 3. 0 3.Desiccated coconut is the disintegrated, white kernel of coconut processed under strict hygienic conditions and dried to a moisture content of below 3.It is a food product which is ready and fit for direct human consumption. Baarish Full Video Song Download 3Gp Youtube . Products from desiccated coconut.The matured coconut kernels were steam blanched and soaked in sugar syrup of 3.The drained pieces were sulphited for 2.C for 8 h. Storage studies proved that sugar acts as an osmotic agent for the preservation of coconut.Osmotically dehydrated coconut was well suited for the preparation of products in the homes as well in commercial units.The desiccated coconut powder 2 or soy protein concentrate SCP 4.The total soluble solids of pulp was raised to 3.C for 1. 4h. Coconut powder was used in the preparation of ragi based convenience mixes viz., sweetened and spiced mix.The other ingredients for sweetened mix were puffed ragi flour, sugar, beaten rice flakes, cardamom, coconut powder and puffed ragi flour, sugar, dehydrated coriander leaves, hydrogenated fat, coconut powder and groundnut for spiced mix.In sweetened mix, addition of beaten rice improved the colour but increased the rate of lipid oxidation while incorporation of coconut powder lowered the lipid oxidation.The value added products from coconut, such as dehydrated coconut both savoury and sweet, ready to use coconut chutney mix, coconut kuruma mix, coconut rice mix and coconut burfi mix was developed.Acidified salt solution and sugar syrup were used as osmotic agents for the preparation of dehydrated coconut for savoury and sweet dishes.The dehydrated coconut savoury was prepared by soaking the blanched coconut scrapings in the soak solution containing 1.SO2 without antioxidant T1 and with antioxidant T2 for 2.C for 4 to 5 hr upto 4.The treated and dehydrated coconut samples were packed in 3.Coconut Chips Coconut chips, the thinly sliced crispy coconut meat which may be sweetened or salted and may come in handy as a ready to eat snack food. Review at The Medical Dictionary Abstract Citicoline CDP choline cytidine 5 diphosphocholine, a form of the essential nutrient choline, shows promise of clinical efficacy in elderly patients with cognitive deficits, inefficient memory, and early stage Alzheimers disease.Citicoline has also been investigated as a therapy in stroke patients, although the results of trials to date are inconclusive.Produced endogenously, citicoline serves as a choline donor in the metabolic pathways for biosynthesis of acetylcholine and neuronal membrane phospholipids, chiefly phosphatidylcholine.The principal components of citicoline, choline and cytidine, are readily absorbed in the GI tract and easily cross the blood brain barrier.Exogenous citicoline, as the sodium salt, has been researched in animal experiments and human clinical trials that provide evidence of its cholinergic and neuroprotective actions.As a dietary supplement, citicoline appears useful for improving both the structural integrity and functionality of the neuronal membrane that may assist in membrane repair.This review, while not intended to be exhaustive, highlights the published, peer reviewed research on citicoline with brief discussions on toxicology and safety, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics.Altern Med Rev 2.Introduction Citicoline is a complex organic molecule Figure 1 that functions as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cell membrane phospholipids.Citicoline is also known as CDP choline and cytidine diphosphate choline cytidine 5 diphosphocholine.CDP choline belongs to the group of biomolecules in living systems known as nucleotides that play important roles in cellular metabolism.Optic Nerve Treatment Trial Results Oregon' title='Optic Nerve Treatment Trial Results Oregon' />Nabil Altememi, M.D.Dr. Nabil Altememi received his M.D.Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine in Richmond, VA in 2009.The basic structure of a nucleotide contains ribose with a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.CDP choline is composed of ribose, pyrophosphate, cytosine a nitrogenous base, and choline.Grouped with the B vitamins, choline is a trimethylated nitrogenous base that enters three major metabolic pathways 1 phospholipid synthesis via phosphorylcholine 2 acetylcholine synthesis and 3 oxidation to betaine, which serves as a methyl donor.Endogenously, formation of citicoline is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a key membrane phospholipid, from choline.Exogenous citicoline, which is hydrolyzed in the small intestine and readily absorbed as choline and cytidine, enters the various biosynthetic pathways that utilize citicoline as an intermediate.Citicoline thus has a sparing effect on systemic choline reserves, as well as inhibiting the breakdown of membrane phospholipids.Citicoline is produced from choline chloride and orotic acid by an enzymatic process.Freebase citicoline is the form marketed as a dietary supplement in the United States and as a drug in Japan.The sodium salt of citicoline, the form used in clinical trials, is sold as a drug in Europe.Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Citicoline is a water soluble compound with greater than 9.Pharmacokinetic studies on healthy adults have shown oral doses of citicoline are rapidly absorbed, with less than one percent excreted in feces.Plasma levels peak in a biphasic manner, at one hour after ingestion followed by a second larger peak at 2.Citicoline is metabolized in the gut wall and liver.The byproducts of exogenous citicoline formed by hydrolysis in the intestinal wall are choline and cytidine.Following absorption, choline and cytidine are dispersed throughout the body, enter systemic circulation for utilization in various biosynthetic pathways, and cross the blood brain barrier for re synthesis into citicoline in the brain.Pharmacokinetic studies using sup.C citicoline show citicoline elimination occurs mainly via respiratory CO.The initial peak in plasma concentration is followed by a sharp decline, which then slows over the next 4 1.In the second phase, an initially rapid decline after the 2.The elimination half life is 5.CO.Endogenous citicoline serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine, the pmnary phospholipid in cell membranes.Cytidine a major component of RNA, undergoes cytoplasmic conversion to cytidine triphosphate CTP.In the citicoline metabolic pathway, choline is phosphorylated by the enzyme choline kinase the resulting phosphorylcholine combines with CTP to form citicoline.Citicoline then combines with diacylglycerol DAG, forming phosphatidylcholine, with choline phosphotransferase serving as the enzyme catalyst in this reaction.Oral administration of citicoline raises plasma levels of cytidine and choline in rats within six to eight hours.Prolonged administration for 4.Evidence for the role of these metabolites as substrates for phosphatidylcholine synthesis was found in a study giving rats daily oral doses of citicoline for 9.At a dose of 5. Deep Well Pump Installation Guide . Administration of citicoline to aged rats activates CTP phosphocholine cytidylyl transferase, the rate limiting enzyme in the citicoline pathway of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the brain cell membrane.Choline and cytidine are the major metabolites released via hydrolysis of citicoline during absorption.A single oral dose of citicoline raises plasma choline levels in both younger and older subjects.Using protein magnetic resonance spectroscopy, it was found that brain choline levels in older subjects decreased after citicoline administration, but increased in younger subjects.The postulated explanation is that the cytidine moiety of citicoline may be taken up by brain cells in older adults more rapidly than choline.Based on this finding, it is suggested that cytidine is the citicoline component primarily responsible for stimulating phosphatidylcholine synthesis in older subjects.Using protein decoupled phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, it has been shown that citicoline administration to older subjects for six weeks increases brain levels of phosphodiesters, byproducts of phospholipid metabolism.This is seen as evidence that citicoline increases phospholipid synthesis and turnover, which may help reverse cognitive functional deficits associated with aging.In clinical trials, citicoline has been administered orally and by intramuscular injection.Mechanisms of Action Phospholipid Precursor The pharmacological action of citicoline appears to involve mechanisms that extend beyond phospholipid metabolism.Citicoline metabolites choline, methionine, betaine, and cytidine derived nucleotides enter a number of metabolic pathways.Evidence of citicolines role as a phosphatidylcholine precursor has been found in animal studies.Biochemical markers of cholinergic nerve transmission are known to be deficient in conditions characterized by degeneration of cholinergic neurons, such as Alzheimers disease AD.Citicoline modestly improves cognitive function in AD by serving as an acetylcholine precursor.The brain uses choline preferentially for acetylcholine synthesis, which can limit the amount of choline available for phosphatidylcholine production.When the demand for acetylcholine increases or choline stores in the brain are low, phospholipids in the neuronal membrane may be catabolized to supply the needed choline.Exogenous citicoline may thus help preserve the structural and functional integrity of the neuronal membrane.Defense Devil Vol 3 Cap 23 Es Numero .In an in vitro study, citicoline at high concentrations stimulated brain acetylcholinesterase ACh.E, along with NaK ATPase.The postulated mechanism involves bioconversion of citicoline to phosphatidylcholine in the external leaflet of the neuronal membrane, the site of ACh.E activity. |
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November 2017
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