Punishment Or Cruelty NPR.A hallway at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.The prison, opened in 1.Jacki Lyden NPR. Jacki Lyden NPR.Servlet?image_type=LRGFC&catalog=cengage&epi=199015696416524671584178480001692413973' alt='A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' title='A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' />The first section of this article treats the history of Judaism in the broadest and most complete sense, from the early ancestral beginnings of the Jewish people to.A hallway at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.The prison, opened in 1.Jacki Lyden NPR. An estimated 8.American prisoners spend 2.Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online.Easily share your publications and get.Now, amid growing evidence that it causes mental breakdown, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has decided for the first time to review its policies on solitary confinement.Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, which pioneered solitary confinement, is a castle of a prison that was meant to reform incarceration itself when it opened in 1.The idea behind the prisons solitary confinement areas was to use sensory deprivation to reform inmates.The thought was that the isolation and quiet would free the innately good soul.They believed that isolation here was going to bring about the best of these inmates.Change them for life.Make them penitent, says Sean Kelley, director of public programming at the historic site.There is a lot of evidence that that is not what happened.For many reasons that sound familiar today including cost and questionable effectiveness Eastern State dropped the practice in 1.Western world. The prison, once a state of the art facility, closed its doors in 1.One of the cells at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.Matt RourkeAP. Matt RourkeAP.One of the cells at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.Matt RourkeAP. An Uncertain Method.A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' title='A History Of Western Society 10Th Edition Quizzes' />Everybody needs to go about their lives as they normally would, Prime Minister May told reporters in a statement.Our society should continue to function in.Solitary confinement exploded with the law and order policies of the 1.But since then, more questions have been raised about the mental health of prisoners held this way.Last summer, Sen.Dick Durbin, D Ill., chair of the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights subcommittee, led hearings to address solitary confinement practices.He says it was prompted by a New Yorker article by Boston surgeon Atul Gowande titled Hellhole.I read it, and I couldnt forget it, Durbin tells Jacki Lyden, host of weekends on All Things Considered.It was all about the impact of segregation and isolation on prisoners, and I started thinking about it as part of my agenda for my subcommittee on human rights.Testifying in front of the committee was Charles Samuels, director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.Samuels explained the necessity of the solitary confinement to keep violent inmates apart from guards and other prisoners.The use of any form of restricted housing, however limited, remains a critical management tool that helps us maintain safety, security and effective reentry programming for all federal inmates, Samuels said.The BOP wouldnt grant an interview for this story, but provided a comment saying the bureau is confident the review will highlight both the strengths that the Bureau brings to corrections management, as well as innovative ideas from the states.Solitary confinement already doubles to triples the costs of incarceration, up to 6.But wardens whove seen its wide use now in the last 3.I really believed when I got close to the situation at the supermax in Wisconsin that one of the things that I was seeing was mentally ill people who didnt come in mentally ill, says Walter Dickey, formerly the secretary of corrections for Wisconsin.Dickey tells NPRs Lyden that the level of security and the overcrowding he saw were detrimental to a prisoners mental health, even when they didnt start out in isolation.He doesnt, however, think the practice should be dropped.The feds had experiences in which they had inmates kill multiple staff members and multiple inmates, he says.People like that need to be isolated, at least temporarily, if not for a longer period of time until you can release them into the population, the general population, with some confidence that theyre not going to do severe damage to other people.At the hearing, Durbin noted that after Mississippi had done away with solitary confinement, prison violence went down by 5.It was a wake up call to all of us to take a hard look at it, he says.Maybe this just isnt the best way to deal with these problems.Living Through Isolation.As prisoners testify about suicidal depression, self mutilation, lethargy, hallucinations and other ills, more attention is being paid to inmates who have lived through the extreme, often uncertain isolation.Robert King is one of the Angola Three one of the men serving the longest sentences in the country in solitary confinement in his case at Angola State Penitentiary in Louisiana.King was released in 2.There was a slab of concrete that you slept on.King says. During his time in prison, King says he saw the system, and the solitary confinement, change people.He says he saw once open people become more withdrawn as time went on.I kind of insulated myself when I saw what happened to them I think it created a steel resolve in myself to not succumb to that, he says.After his release, King published a book, and he also speaks internationally, but despite his post incarceration success, he says the effects of his solitary confinement still lingers.I dont think a person could get dipped in waste and not come up smelling, he says.Even though it may not be totally apparent, the impact and the effects are there.Judaism History, Beliefs, Facts.It is history that provides the key to an understanding of Judaism, for its primal affirmations appear in early historical narratives.Thus, the Bible reports contemporary events and activities for essentially religious reasons.The biblical authors believed that the divine presence is encountered primarily within history.Gods presence is also experienced within the natural realm, but the more immediate or intimate disclosure occurs in human actions.Although other ancient communities also perceived a divine presence in history, the understanding of the ancient Israelites proved to be the most lasting and influential.It is this particular claimto have experienced Gods presence in human eventsand its subsequent development that is the differentiating factor in Jewish thought.Moreover, the ancient Israelites entire mode of existence was affected by their belief that throughout history they stood in a unique relationship with the divine.The people of Israel believed that their response to the divine presence in history was central not only for themselves but for all humankind.Furthermore, Godas personhad revealed in a particular encounter the pattern and structure of communal and individual life to this people.Claiming sovereignty over the people because of his continuing action in history on their behalf, he had established a covenant berit with them and required from them obedience to his teaching, or law Torah.This obedience was a further means by which the divine presence was made manifestexpressed in concrete human existence.The corporate life of the chosencommunity was thus a summons to the rest of humankind to recognize Gods presence, sovereignty, and purposethe establishment of peace and well being in the universe and in humankind.History, moreover, disclosed not only Gods purpose but also humankinds inability to live in accord with it.Even the chosen community failed in its obligation and had to be summoned back, time and again, to its responsibility by the prophetsthe divinely called spokespersons who warned of retribution within history and argued and reargued the case for affirmative human response.Israels role in the divine economy and thus Israels particular culpability were dominant themes sounded against the motif of fulfillment, the ultimate triumph of the divine purpose, and the establishment of divine sovereignty over all humankind.General observations.Nature and characteristics.In nearly 4,0. 00 years of historical development, the Jewish people and their religion have displayed a remarkable adaptability and continuity.In their encounter with the great civilizations, from ancient Babylonia and Egypt to Western Christendom and modern secular culture, they have assimilated foreign elements and integrated them into their own social and religious systems, thus maintaining an unbroken religious and cultural tradition.Furthermore, each period of Jewish history has left behind it a specific element of a Judaic heritage that continued to influence subsequent developments, so that the total Jewish heritage at any given time is a combination of all these successive elements along with whatever adjustments and accretions have occurred in each new age.Test Your Knowledge.New or Old Fact or Fiction The various teachings of Judaism have often been regarded as specifications of the central idea of monotheism.One God, the creator of the world, has freely elected the Jewish people for a unique covenantal relationship with himself.This one and only God has been affirmed by virtually all professing Jews in a variety of ways throughout the ages.Jewish monotheism has had both universalistic and particularistic features.Along universal lines, it has affirmed a God who created and rules the entire world and who at the end of history will redeem all Israel the classical name for the Jewish people, all humankind, and indeed the whole world.The ultimate goal of all nature and history is an unending reign of cosmic intimacy with God, entailing universal justice and peace.Between creation and redemption lies the particularistic designation of the Jewish people as the locus of Gods activity in the world, as the people chosen by God to be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation Exodus 1.This arrangement is designated a covenant and is structured by an elaborate and intricate law.Thus, the Jewish people are both entitled to special privileges and burdened with special responsibilities from God.As the prophet Amos 8th century bce expressed it You alone have I intimately known of all the families of the earth therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities Amos 3 2.The universal goal of the Jewish people has frequently expressed itself in messianismthe idea of a universal, political realm of justice and peace.In one form or another, messianism has permeated Jewish thinking and action throughout the ages, and it has strongly influenced the outlook of many secular minded Jews see alsoeschatology.Law embraces practically all domains of Jewish life, and it became the principle means by which Judaism was to bring about the reign of God on earth.It is a total guide to religious and ethical conduct, involving ritualistic observance as well as individual and social ethics.It is a liturgical and ethical way constantly expatiated on by the prophets and priests, by rabbinic sages, and by philosophers.Such conduct was to be performed in the service of God, the transcendent and immanent ruler of the universe, the Creator and the propelling force of nature, and the one giving guidance and purpose to history.According to Judaic belief, this divine guidance is manifested through the history of the Jewish people, which will culminate in the messianic age.Judaism, whether in its normative form or in its sectarian deviations, never completely departed from this basic ethical and historical monotheism.Salo Wittmayer Baron. Changing Read Only Files Windows 7 on this page. Lou Hackett Silberman.Periodization. Britannica Lists Quizzes.The division of the millennia of Jewish history into periods is a procedure frequently dependent on philosophicalpredilections.The Christian world long believed that until the rise of Christianity the history of Judaism was but a preparation for the Gospel preparatio evangelica that was followed by the manifestation of the Gospel demonstratio evangelica as revealed by Christ and the Apostles.This formulation could be theologically reconciled with the assumption that Christianity had been preordained even before the creation of the world.In the 1. 9th century, biblical scholars moved the decisive division back to the period of the Babylonian Exile and the restoration of the Jews to the kingdom of Judah 6th5th century bce.They asserted that after the first fall of Jerusalem 5.Israelitic religion gave way to a new form of the Jewish faith, or Judaism, as formulated by the reformer Ezra 5th century bce and his school.In Die Entstehung des Judentums 1.The Origin of Judaism the German historian Eduard Meyer argued that Judaism originated in the Persian period, or the days of Ezra and Nehemiah 5th century bce indeed, he attributed an important role in shaping the emergent religion to Persian imperialism.These theories, however, have been discarded by most scholars in the light of a more comprehensive knowledge of the ancient Middle East and the abandonment of a theory of gradual evolutionary development that was dominant at the beginning of the 2.Most Jews share a long accepted notion that there never was a real break in continuity and that Mosaic prophetic priestly Judaism was continued, with only a few modifications, in the work of the Pharisaic and rabbinic sages well into the modern period.Even today the various Jewish groupswhether Orthodox, Conservative, or Reformall claim direct spiritual descent from the Pharisees and the rabbinic sages.In fact, however, many developments have occurred within so called normative or Rabbinic Judaism.In any event, the history of Judaism can be divided into the following major periods biblical Judaism c.Hellenistic Judaism 4th century bce2nd century ce, Rabbinic Judaism 2nd1.Judaism c. 1. 75.Salo Wittmayer Baron.Biblical Judaism 2.The ancient Middle Eastern setting.
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